For further reading…

Bach F, Videbaek C, Host-Christensen J, et al. Cytostatic extravasation. Cancer 1991;68:538-539.

Brincker H, Saeter G. Fifty-five patient years’ experience with a totally implanted system for intravenous chemotheraphy. Cancer 1986;57:1124-1129.

Cohen AM, Wood WC. Simplified technique for placement of long-tem central venous silicone catheters.
Surg Cynecol Obstet 1982;154:721-724.

Collins JC. Central venous catheter complications (letter to the editor). Oncol Nurs Forum
1991;18:819-820.

Kirvela O, Satokari K. In situ breakage of a totally implantated venous access system.
JPEN 1989;13:99-101.

Lokich JJ, Bothe A, Benotti P, et al. Complications and management of implanted venous access catheters. J Clin Oncol 1985;3:710-717.

Nace CS, Ingle RJ. Central venous catheter pinch-off and fracture: A review of two under-recognized complications. Oncol Nurs Forum (In press).

Noyen J, Hoorntje J, deLargen A, et al. Spontaneous fracture of the catheter of a totally implantable venous access port: Case report of a rare complication. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:1295-1299.

Prager D, Hertzberg RW. Spontaneous intravenous catheter fracture and embolization from an implanted venous access port and analysis by scanning electronic microscopy. Cancer 1987;60:270-273.

Rubenstein RB, Alberty RE, Michels LE, et al. Hickman catheter separation. JPEN 1985;9:754-757.

Williams PL, et al. Eds. Gray’s Anatomy. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1989.